1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109
110
111
112
113
114
115
116
117
118
119
120
121
122
123
124
125
126
127
128
129
130
131
132
133
134
135
136
137
138
139
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
149
150
151
152
153
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
163
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
278
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
286
287
288
289
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
311
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
337
338
339
340
341
342
343
344
345
346
347
348
349
350
351
352
353
354
355
356
357
358
359
360
361
362
|
% Security on the ThinkPad T60
Hardware modifications to enhance security on the ThinkPad T60. This
tutorial is **incomplete** at the time of writing.
[Back to previous index](./)
Table of Contents
=================
- [Hardware Requirements](#hardware_requirements)
- [Software Requirements](#software_requirements)
- [The procedure](#procedure)
Hardware requirements {#hardware_requirements}
=====================
- A T60
- screwdriver
- Rubbing or isopropyl alcohol, and thermal compound.
- (in a later version of this tutorial: soldering iron and scalpel)
Software requirements {#software_requirements}
=====================
- none (at least in the scope of the article as-is)
- You probably want to encrypt your GNU+Linux install using LUKS
Rationale
=========
Most people think of security on the software side: the hardware is
important aswell.
This tutorial deals with reducing the number of devices that have direct
memory access that could communicate with inputs/outputs that could be
used to remotely command the system (or leak data). All of this is
purely theoretical for the time being.
Disassembly {#procedure}
===========
Remove those screws and remove the HDD:\
 
Lift off the palm rest:\
Lift up the keyboard, pull it back a bit, flip it over like that and
then disconnect it from the board:\
 
Gently wedge both sides loose:\
 
Remove that cable from the position:\
 
Now remove that bezel. Remove wifi, nvram battery and speaker connector
(also remove 56k modem, on the left of wifi):\
\
Reason: has direct (and very fast) memory access, and could
(theoretically) leak data over a side-channel.\
**Wifi:** The ath5k/ath9k cards might not have firmware at all. They
might safe but could have access to the computer's RAM trough DMA. If
people have an intel card(most T60 laptops come with Intel wifi by
default, until you change it),then that card runs a non-free firwamre
and has access to the computer's RAM trough DMA! So the risk-level is
very high.
Remove those screws:\
Disconnect the power jack:\
Remove nvram battery (we will put it back later):\
Disconnect cable (for 56k modem) and disconnect the other cable:\
 
Disconnect speaker cable:\
Disconnect the other end of the 56k modem cable:\
Make sure you removed it:\
Unscrew those:\
Make sure you removed those:\
Disconnect LCD cable from board:\
Remove those screws then remove the LCD assembly:\
 
Once again, make sure you removed those:\
Remove the shielding containing the motherboard, then flip it over.
Remove these screws, placing them on a steady surface in the same layout
as they were in before you removed them. Also, you should mark each
screw hole after removing the screw (a permanent marker pen will do),
this is so that you have a point of reference when re-assembling the
system:\
 
 
 
Remove microphone (soldering iron not needed. Just wedge it out
gently):\
\
**Rationale:**\
Another reason to remove the microphone: If your computer
gets[\[1\]](#ref1) compromised, it can record what you say, and use it
to receive data from nearby devices if they're compromised too. Also,
we do not know what the built-in microcode (in the CPU) is doing; it
could theoretically be programmed to accept remote commands from some
speaker somewhere (remote security hole). **In other words, the system
could already be compromised from the factory.**
Remove infrared:\
 
Remove cardbus (it's in a socket, no need to disable. Just remove the
port itself):\
\
**Rationale:**\
It has direct memory access and can be used to extract sensitive details
(such as LUKS keys). See 'GoodBIOS' video linked at the end (speaker
is Peter Stuge, a coreboot hacker). The video covers X60 but the same
topics apply to T60.
Before re-installing the upper chassis, remove the speaker:\
 \
Reason: combined with the microphone issue, this could be used to leak
data.\
If your computer gets[\[1\]](#ref1) compromised, it can be used to
transmit data to nearby compromised devices. It's unknown if it can be
turned into a microphone[\[2\]](#ref2).\
Replacement: headphones/speakers (line-out) or external DAC (USB).
Remove the wwan:\
\
**Wwan (3g modem):** They run proprietary software! It's like AMT but
over the GSM network which is probably even worse.\
Replacement: external USB wifi dongle. (or USB wwan/3g dongle; note,
this has all the same privacy issues as mobile phones. wwan not
recommended).
This is where the simcard connector is soldered. See notes above about
wwan. Remove simcard by removing battery and then it's accessible (so,
remember to do this when you re-assemble. or you could do it now?)\
Put those screws back:\
Put it back into lower chassis:\
Attach LCD and insert screws (also, attach the lcd cable to the board):\
Insert those screws:\
On the CPU (and there is another chip south-east to it, sorry forgot to
take pic) clean off the old thermal paste (with the alcohol) and apply
new (Artic Silver 5 is good, others are good too) you should also clean
the heatsink the same way\
Attach the heatsink and install the screws (also, make sure to install
the AC jack as highlighted):\
Reinstall that upper bezel:\
Do that:\
 
Attach keyboard and install nvram battery:\
 
Place keyboard and (sorry, forgot to take pics) reinstall the palmrest
and insert screws on the underside:\
Remove those covers and unscrew:\
 
Gently pry off the front bezel (sorry, forgot to take pics).
Remove bluetooth module:\
 
Re-attach the front bezel and re-insert the screws (sorry, forgot to
take pics).
It lives!\
 
Always stress test ('stress -c 2' and xsensors. below 90C is ok) when
replacing cpu paste/heatsink:\
Not covered yet:
----------------
- Disable flashing the ethernet firmware
- Disable SPI flash writes (can be re-enabled by unsoldering two
parts)
- Disable use of xrandr/edid on external monitor (cut 2 pins on VGA)
- Disable docking station (might be possible to do it in software, in
coreboot upstream as a Kconfig option)
Go to
<http://media.ccc.de/browse/congress/2013/30C3_-_5529_-_en_-_saal_2_-_201312271830_-_hardening_hardware_and_choosing_a_goodbios_-_peter_stuge.html>
or directly to the video:
<http://mirror.netcologne.de/CCC/congress/2013/webm/30c3-5529-en-Hardening_hardware_and_choosing_a_goodBIOS_webm.webm>.
A lot of this tutorial is based on that video. Look towards the second
half of the video to see how to do the above.
Also not covered yet:
---------------------
- Intrusion detection: randomized seal on screws
Just put nail polish with lot of glider on the important screws,
take some good pictures. Keep the pictueres and make sure of their
integrity. Compare the nail polish with the pictures before powering
on the laptop.
- Tips about preventing/mitigating risk of cold boot attack.
- soldered RAM?
- wipe all RAM at boot/power-off/power-on? (patch in coreboot
upstream?)
- ask gnutoo about fallback patches (counts number of boots)
- General tips/advice and web links showing how to detect physical
intrusions.
- For example: <http://cs.tau.ac.il/~tromer/acoustic/> or
<http://cyber.bgu.ac.il/content/how-leak-sensitive-data-isolated-computer-air-gap-near-mobile-phone-airhopper>.
- <https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempest_%28codename%29>
- https://gitorious.org/gnutoo-for-coreboot/grub-assemble/source/a61f636797777a742f65f4c9c58032aa6a9b23c3:
Extra notes
===========
EC: Cannot be removed but can be mitigated: it contains non-free
non-loadable code, but it has no access to the computer's RAM. It has
access to the on-switch of the wifi, bluetooth, modem and some other
power management features. The issue is that it has access to the
keyboard, however if the software security howto **(not yet written)**
is followed correctly, it won't be able to leak data to a local
attacker. It has no network access but it may still be able to leak data
remotely, but that requires someone to be nearby to recover the data
with the help of an SDR and some directional antennas[\[3\]](#ref3).
[Intel 82573 Ethernet
controller](http://www.coreboot.org/Intel_82573_Ethernet_controller) on
the X60 seems safe, according to Denis.
Risk level
----------
- Modem (3g/wwan): highest
- Intel wifi: Near highest
- Atheros PCI wifi: unknown, but lower than intel wifi.
- Microphone: only problematic if the computer gets compromised.
- Speakers: only problematic if the computer gets compromised.
- EC: can be mitigated if following the guide on software security.
Further reading material (software security)
============================================
- [Installing Debian or Devuan GNU+Linux with full disk encryption
(including /boot)](../gnulinux/encrypted_debian.html)
- [Installing Parabola GNU+Linux with full disk encryption (including
/boot)](../gnulinux/encrypted_parabola.html)
- [Notes about DMA access and the docking station](dock.html)
References
==========
\[1\] physical access {#ref1}
---------------------
Explain that black hats, TAO, and so on might use a 0day to get in, and
explain that in this case it mitigates what the attacker can do. Also
the TAO do some evaluation before launching an attack: they take the
probability of beeing caught into account, along with the kind of
target. A 0day costs a lot of money, I heard that it was from 100000\$
to 400000\$, some other websites had prices 10 times lower but that but
it was probably a typo. So if people increase their security it makes it
more risky and more costly to attack people.
\[2\] microphone {#ref2}
----------------
It's possible to turn headphones into a microphone, you could try
yourself, however they don't record loud at all. Also intel cards have
the capability to change a connector's function, for instance the
microphone jack can now become a headphone plug, that's called
retasking. There is some support for it in GNU+Linux but it's not very
well known.
\[3\] Video (CCC) {#ref3}
-----------------
30c3-5356-en-Firmware\_Fat\_Camp\_webm.webm from the 30th CCC. While
their demo is experimental(their hardware also got damaged during the
transport), the spies probably already have that since a long time.
<http://berlin.ftp.media.ccc.de/congress/2013/webm/30c3-5356-en-Firmware_Fat_Camp_webm.webm>
Copyright © 2014, 2015 Leah Rowe <info@minifree.org>\
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0
International license or any later version published by Creative
Commons; A copy of the license can be found at
[../cc-by-sa-4.0.txt](../cc-by-sa-4.0.txt)
Updated versions of the license (when available) can be found at
<https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode>
UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE EXTENT
POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS AND
AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF ANY KIND
CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, IMPLIED, STATUTORY,
OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, WARRANTIES OF TITLE,
MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT,
ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE
OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF
WARRANTIES ARE NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT
APPLY TO YOU.
TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE TO YOU
ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, NEGLIGENCE) OR
OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL,
PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES
ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN
IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES,
COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT
ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.
The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided above
shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent possible, most
closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and waiver of all liability.
|
