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diff --git a/docs/gnulinux/grub_hardening.html b/docs/gnulinux/grub_hardening.html deleted file mode 100644 index f86b7c4d..00000000 --- a/docs/gnulinux/grub_hardening.html +++ /dev/null @@ -1,281 +0,0 @@ -<!DOCTYPE html> -<html> -<head> - <meta charset="utf-8"> - <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> - - <style type="text/css"> - @import url('../css/main.css'); - </style> - - <title>GRUB hardening</title> -</head> - -<body> - <div class="section"> - <h1>GRUB hardening</h1> - <p> - This guide deals with various ways in which you can harden - your GRUB configuration, for security purposes. These steps - are optional, but highly recommended by the Libreboot project. - </p> - <p> - <a href="./">Back to previous index</a> - </p> - </div> - <div class="section"> - <h1> - GRUB secure boot with GPG - </h1> - - <p> - This uses the free implementation of the GPG standard for encryption - and signing/verifying data. We will be using this for checking the signature - of a Linux kernel at boot time. - More information about GPG can be found on the - <a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/gnupg/">GPG project website</a>. - GRUB has some GPG support built in, for checking signatures. - </p> - - <p> - This tutorial assumes you have a libreboot image (rom) that you wish to modify, - to which we shall henceforth refer to as "my.rom". - This tutorial modifies grubtest.cfg, this means signing and password protection - will work after switching to it in the main boot menu and bricking due to - incorrect configuration will be impossible. - After you are satisfied with the setup, you should transfer the new settings - to grub.cfg to make your machine actually secure. - </p> - - <p> - First extract the old grubtest.cfg and remove it from the libreboot image: -<pre> -cbfstool my.rom extract -n grubtest.cfg -f my.grubtest.cfg -cbfstool my.rom remove -n grubtest.cfg -</pre> - </p> - <p> - Helpful links: - <ul> - <li><a href="https://www.gnu.org/software/grub/manual/html_node/Security.html#Security"> - GRUB manual #security</a></li> - <li><a href="http://git.savannah.gnu.org/cgit/grub.git/tree/docs/grub.texi"> - GRUB info pages</a></li> - <li><a href="https://libreboot.org/faq/#firmware-hddssd"> - SATA connected storage considered dangerous until proven otherwise.</a></li> - <li><a href="https://www.coreboot.org/GRUB2#Security"> - Coreboot GRUB security howto</a></li> - </ul> - </p> - </div> - <div class="section"> - <h1> - GRUB Password - </h1> - <p> - The security of this setup depends on a good GRUB password as GPG signature - checking can be disabled through the interactive console: - </p> - <pre>set check_signatures=no</pre> - <p> - This is good in that it allows you to occasionally boot unsigned liveCDs and such. - You may think of supplying signatures on an usb key, but the signature - checking code currently looks for </path/to/filename>.sig when verifying - </path/to/filename> and as such it is not possible to supply signatures - in an alternate location. - </p> - <p> - Note that this is not your LUKS password, but it's a password that you have to - enter in order to use "restricted" functionality (such as console). This - protects your system from an attacker simply booting a live USB and re-flashing - your firmware. - <b>This should be different than your LUKS passphrase and user password.</b> - </p> - - <p> - Use of the <i>diceware method</i> is recommended, for generating secure passphrases (as opposed to passwords). - Diceware method involves using dice to generate random numbers, which are - then used as an index to pick a random word from a large dictionary of words. - You can use any language (e.g. English, German). - Look it up on a search engine. Diceware method is a way to generate - secure passphrases that are very hard (almost impossible, with enough words) - to crack, while being easy enough to remember. On the other hand, most - kinds of secure passwords are hard to remember and easier to crack. - Diceware passphrases are harder to crack because of far higher entropy - (there are many words available to use, but only about 50 commonly used symbols - in pass<em>words</em>). - </p> ---> - <p> - The GRUB password can be entered in two ways: - <ul> - <li>plaintext</li> - <li>protected with <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pbkdf2">PBKDF2</a></li> - </ul> - We will (obviously) use the later. Generating the PBKDF2 derived key is done - using the <b>grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2</b> utility. You can get it by installing - GRUB version 2. Generate a key by giving it a password: - </p> - <pre>grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2</pre> - <p> - Its output will be a string of the following form: - grub.pbkdf2.sha512.10000.HEXDIGITS.MOREHEXDIGITS - </p> - <p> - Now open my.grubtest.cfg and put the following before the menu entries (prefered - above the functions and after other directives). Of course use the pbdkf string - that you had generated yourself: - </p> - <pre> -set superusers="root" -password_pbkdf2 root grub.pbkdf2.sha512.10000.711F186347156BC105CD83A2ED7AF1EB971AA2B1EB2640172F34B0DEFFC97E654AF48E5F0C3B7622502B76458DA494270CC0EA6504411D676E6752FD1651E749.8DD11178EB8D1F633308FD8FCC64D0B243F949B9B99CCEADE2ECA11657A757D22025986B0FA116F1D5191E0A22677674C994EDBFADE62240E9D161688266A711</pre> - <p> - Obviously, replace it with the correct hash that you actually got for the password - that you entered. Meaning, not the hash that you see above! - </p> - <p> - As enabling password protection as above means that you have to input it on - every single boot, we will make one menu entry work without it. Remember that - we will have GPG signing active, thus a potential attacker will not be able - to boot an arbitrary operating system. We do this by adding option - <b>--unrestricted</b> to a menuentry definition: - </p> - <pre>menuentry 'Load Operating System (incl. fully encrypted disks) [o]' --hotkey='o' --unrestricted { -...</pre> - <p> - Another good thing to do, if we chose to load signed on-disk GRUB configurations, - is to remove (or comment out) <b>unset superusers</b> in function try_user_config: - </p> - <pre> -function try_user_config { - set root="${1}" - for dir in boot grub grub2 boot/grub boot/grub2; do - for name in '' autoboot_ libreboot_ coreboot_; do - if [ -f /"${dir}"/"${name}"grub.cfg ]; then - #unset superusers - configfile /"${dir}"/"${name}"grub.cfg - fi - done - done -}</pre> - <p> - Why? We allowed booting normally without entering a password above. - When we unset superusers and then load a signed GRUB configuration file, - we can easily use the command line as password protection will be completely - disabled. Disabling signature checking and booting whatever an attacker wants - is then just a few GRUB commands away. - </p> - - <p> - As far as basic password setup is concerned we are done and we can now move on to signing. - </p> - </div> - <div class="section"> - <h1> - GPG keys - </h1> - <p> - First generate a GPG keypair to use for signing. Option RSA (sign only) is ok. - </p> - <p> - <b>Warning:</b> GRUB does not read ASCII armored keys. - When attempting to trust ... a key filename it will print error: bad signature - </p> - <pre> -mkdir --mode 0700 keys -gpg --homedir keys --gen-key -gpg --homedir keys --export-secret-keys --armor > boot.secret.key # backup -gpg --homedir keys --export > boot.key</pre> - - <p> - Now that we have a key, we can sign some files with it. We have to sign: - <ul> - <li>a kernel</li> - <li>(if we have one) an initramfs</li> - <li>(if we wish to transfer control to it) an on-disk grub.cfg</li> - <li>grubtest.cfg (this is so one can go back to grubtest.cfg after signature - checking is enforced. You can always get back to grub.cfg by pressing ESC, - but afterwards grubtest.cfg is not signed and it will not load.</li> - </ul> - - Suppose that we have a pair of <b>my.kernel</b> and <b>my.initramfs</b> - and an on-disk <b>libreboot_grub.cfg</b>. We sign them by issuing the - following commands: - </p> -<pre> -gpg --homedir keys --detach-sign my.initramfs -gpg --homedir keys --detach-sign my.kernel -gpg --homedir keys --detach-sign libreboot_grub.cfg -gpg --homedir keys --detach-sign my.grubtest.cfg -</pre> - <p> - Of course some further modifications to my.grubtest.cfg will be required. - We have to trust the key and enable signature enforcement - (put this before menu entries): - </p> -<pre> -trust (cbfsdisk)/boot.key -set check_signatures=enforce -</pre> - <p> - What remains now is to include the modifications into the image (rom): - </p> -<pre> -cbfstool my.rom add -n boot.key -f boot.key -t raw -cbfstool my.rom add -n grubtest.cfg -f my.grubtest.cfg -t raw -cbfstool my.rom add -n grubtest.cfg.sig -f my.grubtest.cfg.sig -t raw -</pre> - <p> - ... and flashing it. - </p> - </div> - - <div class="section"> - - <p> - Copyright © 2017 Fedja Beader <fedja@protonmail.ch><br/> - Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document - under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license - or any later version published by Creative Commons; - - A copy of the license can be found at <a href="../cc-by-sa-4.0.txt">../cc-by-sa-4.0.txt</a> - </p> - - <p> - Updated versions of the license (when available) can be found at - <a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode</a> - </p> - - <p> - UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE - EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS - AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF - ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS, - IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION, - WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR - PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS, - ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT - KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT - ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU. - </p> - <p> - TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE - TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, - NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT, - INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES, - COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR - USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN - ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR - DAMAGES. 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