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<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
<head>
<meta charset="utf-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1">
<style type="text/css">
@import url('../css/main.css');
</style>
<title>Installing Debian GNU/Linux with full disk encryption (including /boot)</title>
</head>
<body>
<div class="section">
<h1>Installing Debian GNU/Linux with full disk encryption (including /boot)</h1>
<p>
The libreboot project recommends Debian, because it is more stable and up to date,
while still being entirely free software by default. Leah Rowe, libreboot's
lead maintainer, also uses Debian. See:
<a href="../distros/">../distros/</a>
</p>
<p>
Libreboot on x86 uses the GRUB <a href="http://www.coreboot.org/Payloads#GRUB_2">payload</a>
by default, which means that the GRUB configuration file
(where your GRUB menu comes from) is stored directly alongside libreboot
and its GRUB payload executable, inside
the flash chip. In context, this means that installing distributions and managing them
is handled slightly differently compared to traditional BIOS systems.
</p>
<p>
On most systems, the /boot partition has to be left unencrypted while the others are encrypted.
This is so that GRUB, and therefore the kernel, can be loaded and executed since the firmware
can't open a LUKS volume. Not so with libreboot! Since GRUB is already included directly as a
payload, even /boot can be encrypted. This protects /boot from tampering by someone with physical
access to the system.
</p>
<p>
This guide is written for Debian net installer. You can download the ISO from the homepage on
<a href="https://www.debian.org/">debian.org</a>.
Use this on the GRUB terminal to boot it from USB (for 64-bit Intel or AMD):<br/>
<strong>
set root='usb0'<br/>
linux /install.amd/vmlinuz<br/>
initrd /install.amd/initrd.gz<br/>
boot<br/>
</strong>
If you are on a 32-bit system (e.g. X60):<br/>
<strong>
set root='usb0'<br/>
linux /install.386/vmlinuz<br/>
initrd /install.386/initrd.gz<br/>
boot
</strong>
</p>
<p>
<a href="grub_boot_installer.html">This guide</a> shows how to
create a boot USB drive with the Debian ISO image.
</p>
<p>
<b>This guide is *only* for the GRUB payload. If you use the depthcharge payload, ignore this section entirely.</b>
</p>
<p>
Note: on some thinkpads, a faulty DVD drive can cause the cryptomount -a step during boot to fail. If this happens to you, try removing the drive.
</p>
<p><a href="index.html">Back to previous index</a></p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<p>
Set a strong user password (lots of lowercase/uppercase, numbers and symbols).
</p>
<p>
Use of the <i>diceware method</i> is recommended, for generating secure passphrases (instead of passwords).
</p>
<p>
when the installer asks you to set up
encryption (ecryptfs) for your home directory, select 'Yes' if you want to: <b>LUKS is already secure and performs well. Having ecryptfs on top of it
will add noticeable performance penalty, for little security gain in most use cases. This is therefore optional, and not recommended.
Choose 'no'.</b>
</p>
<p>
<b>
Your user password should be different from the LUKS password which you will set later on.
Your LUKS password should, like the user password, be secure.
</b>
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1>Partitioning</h1>
<p>Choose 'Manual' partitioning:</p>
<ul>
<li>Select drive and create new partition table</li>
<li>
Single large partition. The following are mostly defaults:
<ul>
<li>Use as: physical volume for encryption</li>
<li>Encryption: aes</li>
<li>key size: whatever default is given to you</li>
<li>IV algorithm: whatever default is given to you</li>
<li>Encryption key: passphrase</li> (<i>diceware method</i> recommended for choosing password)
<li>erase data: Yes (only choose 'No' if it's a new drive that doesn't contain your private data)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
Select 'configure encrypted volumes'
<ul>
<li>Create encrypted volumes</li>
<li>Select your partition</li>
<li>Finish</li>
<li>Really erase: Yes</li>
<li>(erase will take a long time. be patient)</li>
<li>(if your old system was encrypted, just let this run for about a minute to
make sure that the LUKS header is wiped out)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
Select encrypted space:
<ul>
<li>use as: physical volume for LVM</li>
<li>Choose 'done setting up the partition'</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
Configure the logical volume manager:
<ul>
<li>Keep settings: Yes</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
Create volume group:
<ul>
<li>Name: <b>matrix</b> (use this exact name)</li>
<li>Select crypto partition</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
Create logical volume
<ul>
<li>select <b>matrix</b> (use this exact name)</li>
<li>name: <b>root</b> (use this exact name)</li>
<li>size: default, minus 2048 MB</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
Create logical volume
<ul>
<li>select <b>matrix</b> (use this exact name)</li>
<li>name: <b>swap</b> (user this exact name)</li>
<li>size: press enter</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1>Further partitioning</h1>
<p>
Now you are back at the main partitioning screen. You will simply set mountpoints and filesystems to use.
</p>
<ul>
<li>
LVM LV root
<ul>
<li>use as: btrfs</li>
<li>mount point: /</li>
<li>done setting up partition</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>
LVM LV swap
<ul>
<li>use as: swap area</li>
<li>done setting up partition</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Now you select 'Finished partitioning and write changes to disk'.</li>
</ul>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1>Kernel</h1>
<p>
Installation will ask what kernel you want to use. linux-generic is fine.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1>Tasksel</h1>
<p>
For Debian, use the <em>MATE</em> option, or one of the others if you want.
The libreboot project recommends MATE, unless you're saavy enough to choose something
else.
</p>
<p>
If you want debian-testing, then you should only select barebones options here
and change the entries in /etc/apt/sources.list after install to point to the new distro,
and then run <strong>apt-get update</strong> and <strong>apt-get dist-upgrade</strong>
as root, then reboot and run <b>tasksel</b> as root. This is to avoid downloading large
packages twice.
</p>
<p>
NOTE: If you want the latest up to date version of the Linux kernel,
Debian's kernel is sometimes outdated, even in the testing distro.
You might consider using <a href="https://jxself.org/linux-libre/">this repository</a>
instead, which contains the most up to date versions of the Linux kernel.
These kernels are also deblobbed, like Debian's kernels, so you can
be sure that no binary blobs are present.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1>Postfix configuration</h1>
<p>
If asked, choose <i>"No Configuration"</i> here (or maybe you want to select something else. It's up to you.)
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1>Install the GRUB boot loader to the master boot record</h1>
<p>
Choose 'Yes'. It will fail, but don't worry. Then at the main menu, choose 'Continue without a bootloader'.
You could also choose 'No'. Choice is irrelevant here.
</p>
<p>
<i>You do not need to install GRUB at all, since in libreboot you are using the GRUB payload (for libreboot) to boot your system directly.</i>
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1>Clock UTC</h1>
<p>
Just say 'Yes'.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1>
Booting your system
</h1>
<p>
At this point, you will have finished the installation. At your GRUB payload, press C to get to the command line.
</p>
<p>
Do that:<br/>
grub> <b>cryptomount -a</b><br/>
grub> <b>set root='lvm/matrix-root'</b><br/>
grub> <b>linux /vmlinuz root=/dev/mapper/matrix-root cryptdevice=/dev/mapper/matrix-root:root</b><br/>
grub> <b>initrd /initrd.img</b><br/>
grub> <b>boot</b>
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1>
ecryptfs
</h1>
<p>
If you didn't encrypt your home directory, then you can safely ignore this section.
</p>
<p>
Immediately after logging in, do that:<br/>
$ <b>sudo ecryptfs-unwrap-passphrase</b>
</p>
<p>
This will be needed in the future if you ever need to recover your home directory from another system, so write it down and keep the note
somewhere secret. Ideally, you should memorize it and then burn the note (or not even write it down, and memorize it still)>
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1>
Modify grub.cfg (CBFS)
</h1>
<p>
Now you need to set it up so that the system will automatically boot, without having to type a bunch of commands.
</p>
<p>
Modify your grub.cfg (in the firmware) <a href="grub_cbfs.html">using this tutorial</a>;
just change the default menu entry 'Load Operating System' to say this inside:
</p>
<p>
<b>cryptomount -a</b><br/>
<b>set root='lvm/matrix-root'</b><br/>
<b>linux /vmlinuz root=/dev/mapper/matrix-root cryptdevice=/dev/mapper/matrix-root:root</b><br/>
<b>initrd /initrd.img</b>
</p>
<p>
Without specifying a device, the <i>-a</i> parameter tries to unlock all detected LUKS volumes.
You can also specify -u UUID or -a (device).
</p>
<p>
Additionally, you should set a GRUB password. This is not your LUKS password, but it's a password that you have to enter to see
GRUB. This protects your system from an attacker simply booting a live USB and re-flashing your firmware. <b>This should be different than your LUKS passphrase and user password.</b>
</p>
<p>
Use of the <i>diceware method</i> is recommended, for generating secure passphrases (as opposed to passwords).
</p>
<p>
The GRUB utility can be used like so:<br/>
$ <b>grub-mkpasswd-pbkdf2</b>
</p>
<p>
Give it a password (remember, it has to be secure) and it'll output something like:<br/>
<b>grub.pbkdf2.sha512.10000.711F186347156BC105CD83A2ED7AF1EB971AA2B1EB2640172F34B0DEFFC97E654AF48E5F0C3B7622502B76458DA494270CC0EA6504411D676E6752FD1651E749.8DD11178EB8D1F633308FD8FCC64D0B243F949B9B99CCEADE2ECA11657A757D22025986B0FA116F1D5191E0A22677674C994EDBFADE62240E9D161688266A711</b>
</p>
<p>
Use of the <i>diceware method</i> is recommended, for generating secure passphrases (instead of passwords).
</p>
<p>
Put that in the grub.cfg (the one for CBFS inside the ROM) before the 'Load Operating System' menu entry like so (example):<br/>
</p>
<pre>
<b>set superusers="root"</b>
<b>password_pbkdf2 root grub.pbkdf2.sha512.10000.711F186347156BC105CD83A2ED7AF1EB971AA2B1EB2640172F34B0DEFFC97E654AF48E5F0C3B7622502B76458DA494270CC0EA6504411D676E6752FD1651E749.8DD11178EB8D1F633308FD8FCC64D0B243F949B9B99CCEADE2ECA11657A757D22025986B0FA116F1D5191E0A22677674C994EDBFADE62240E9D161688266A711</b>
</pre>
<p style="font-size:2em;">
MAKE SURE TO DO THIS ON grubtest.cfg *BEFORE* DOING IT ON grub.cfg.
Then select the menu entry that says <i>Switch to grubtest.cfg</i> and test that it works.
Then copy that to grub.cfg once you're satisfied.
WHY? BECAUSE AN INCORRECTLY SET PASSWORD CONFIG MEANS YOU CAN'T AUTHENTICATE, WHICH MEANS 'BRICK'.
</p>
<p>
(emphasis added, because it's needed. This is a common roadblock for users)
</p>
<p>
Obviously, replace it with the correct hash that you actually got for the password that you entered. Meaning, not the hash that you see above!
</p>
<p>
After this, you will have a modified ROM with the menu entry for cryptomount, and the entry before that for the GRUB password. Flash the modified ROM
using <a href="../install/index.html#flashrom">this tutorial</a>.
</p>
</div>
<div class="section">
<h1 id="troubleshooting">Troubleshooting</h1>
<p>
A user reported issues when booting with a docking station attached
on an X200, when decrypting the disk in GRUB. The error
<i>AHCI transfer timed out</i> was observed. The workaround
was to remove the docking station.
</p>
<p>
Further investigation revealed that it was the DVD drive causing problems.
Removing that worked around the issue.
</p>
<pre>
"sudo wodim -prcap" shows information about the drive:
Device was not specified. Trying to find an appropriate drive...
Detected CD-R drive: /dev/sr0
Using /dev/cdrom of unknown capabilities
Device type : Removable CD-ROM
Version : 5
Response Format: 2
Capabilities :
Vendor_info : 'HL-DT-ST'
Identification : 'DVDRAM GU10N '
Revision : 'MX05'
Device seems to be: Generic mmc2 DVD-R/DVD-RW.
Drive capabilities, per MMC-3 page 2A:
Does read CD-R media
Does write CD-R media
Does read CD-RW media
Does write CD-RW media
Does read DVD-ROM media
Does read DVD-R media
Does write DVD-R media
Does read DVD-RAM media
Does write DVD-RAM media
Does support test writing
Does read Mode 2 Form 1 blocks
Does read Mode 2 Form 2 blocks
Does read digital audio blocks
Does restart non-streamed digital audio reads accurately
Does support Buffer-Underrun-Free recording
Does read multi-session CDs
Does read fixed-packet CD media using Method 2
Does not read CD bar code
Does not read R-W subcode information
Does read raw P-W subcode data from lead in
Does return CD media catalog number
Does return CD ISRC information
Does support C2 error pointers
Does not deliver composite A/V data
Does play audio CDs
Number of volume control levels: 256
Does support individual volume control setting for each channel
Does support independent mute setting for each channel
Does not support digital output on port 1
Does not support digital output on port 2
Loading mechanism type: tray
Does support ejection of CD via START/STOP command
Does not lock media on power up via prevent jumper
Does allow media to be locked in the drive via PREVENT/ALLOW command
Is not currently in a media-locked state
Does not support changing side of disk
Does not have load-empty-slot-in-changer feature
Does not support Individual Disk Present feature
Maximum read speed: 4234 kB/s (CD 24x, DVD 3x)
Current read speed: 4234 kB/s (CD 24x, DVD 3x)
Maximum write speed: 4234 kB/s (CD 24x, DVD 3x)
Current write speed: 4234 kB/s (CD 24x, DVD 3x)
Rotational control selected: CLV/PCAV
Buffer size in KB: 1024
Copy management revision supported: 1
Number of supported write speeds: 4
Write speed # 0: 4234 kB/s CLV/PCAV (CD 24x, DVD 3x)
Write speed # 1: 2822 kB/s CLV/PCAV (CD 16x, DVD 2x)
Write speed # 2: 1764 kB/s CLV/PCAV (CD 10x, DVD 1x)
Write speed # 3: 706 kB/s CLV/PCAV (CD 4x, DVD 0x)
Supported CD-RW media types according to MMC-4 feature 0x37:
Does write multi speed CD-RW media
Does write high speed CD-RW media
Does write ultra high speed CD-RW media
Does not write ultra high speed+ CD-RW media
</pre>
</div>
<div class="section">
<p>
Copyright © 2014, 2015 Leah Rowe <info@minifree.org><br/>
Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International license
or any later version published by Creative Commons;
A copy of the license can be found at <a href="../cc-by-sa-4.0.txt">../cc-by-sa-4.0.txt</a>
</p>
<p>
Updated versions of the license (when available) can be found at
<a href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/legalcode</a>
</p>
<p>
UNLESS OTHERWISE SEPARATELY UNDERTAKEN BY THE LICENSOR, TO THE
EXTENT POSSIBLE, THE LICENSOR OFFERS THE LICENSED MATERIAL AS-IS
AND AS-AVAILABLE, AND MAKES NO REPRESENTATIONS OR WARRANTIES OF
ANY KIND CONCERNING THE LICENSED MATERIAL, WHETHER EXPRESS,
IMPLIED, STATUTORY, OR OTHER. THIS INCLUDES, WITHOUT LIMITATION,
WARRANTIES OF TITLE, MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE, NON-INFRINGEMENT, ABSENCE OF LATENT OR OTHER DEFECTS,
ACCURACY, OR THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF ERRORS, WHETHER OR NOT
KNOWN OR DISCOVERABLE. WHERE DISCLAIMERS OF WARRANTIES ARE NOT
ALLOWED IN FULL OR IN PART, THIS DISCLAIMER MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.
</p>
<p>
TO THE EXTENT POSSIBLE, IN NO EVENT WILL THE LICENSOR BE LIABLE
TO YOU ON ANY LEGAL THEORY (INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION,
NEGLIGENCE) OR OTHERWISE FOR ANY DIRECT, SPECIAL, INDIRECT,
INCIDENTAL, CONSEQUENTIAL, PUNITIVE, EXEMPLARY, OR OTHER LOSSES,
COSTS, EXPENSES, OR DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF THIS PUBLIC LICENSE OR
USE OF THE LICENSED MATERIAL, EVEN IF THE LICENSOR HAS BEEN
ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH LOSSES, COSTS, EXPENSES, OR
DAMAGES. WHERE A LIMITATION OF LIABILITY IS NOT ALLOWED IN FULL OR
IN PART, THIS LIMITATION MAY NOT APPLY TO YOU.
</p>
<p>
The disclaimer of warranties and limitation of liability provided
above shall be interpreted in a manner that, to the extent
possible, most closely approximates an absolute disclaimer and
waiver of all liability.
</p>
</div>
</body>
</html>
|
